Pythagoras (570–495 BCE) was born on the island of Samos, Greece, and later moved to Croton in southern Italy, where he founded a philosophical and religious school. His teachings and ideas, including his philosophy of sound, continued to influence both ancient and modern thought long after his death.
He was primarily known for his contributions to mathematics, also developed a philosophical approach to music and sound that greatly influenced Western thought. His concept of the harmony of the spheres tied the mathematical ratios found in musical harmony to the cosmos, suggesting that the universe itself was structured in a harmonious, ordered way.
At the heart of his sound philosophy is the idea that certain numerical ratios correspond to musical intervals. He discovered that when the lengths of strings (on an instrument like a lyre) were divided in simple ratios (like 2:1, 3:2, and 4:3), they produced harmonious sounds, known as consonances. Pythagoras believed that these numerical relationships were fundamental to understanding not only music but also the structure of reality. In this sense, sound became a metaphor for cosmic order.
His belief that the cosmos was governed by mathematical principles extended to the idea that the planets and stars themselves moved according to these ratios, producing a kind of celestial music, inaudible to human ears, but reflective of the divine order.
Pythagoras also believed in the healing properties of sound, asserting that music could be used to purify the soul and promote health. This concept evolved into what is sometimes called musical therapy, where specific scales or tones could influence the emotions and the mind. The Pythagoreans practiced what they called "musical medicine," using sound to bring about harmony in the body and soul.
As for the relation to stress management, Pythagoras believed that harmonious sounds and mathematical ratios could promote balance and healing within the body and mind. This philosophy forms the foundation of modern stress management techniques like sound therapy and music therapy. By using specific sounds, frequencies, or musical compositions, these practices aim to reduce stress, alleviate anxiety, and foster relaxation. The idea is that harmonious sounds can align the body's energies, restoring a natural balance and contributing to overall well-being.
Pythagoras's philosophy was passed in an oral tradition. A good source of reading is 'The Pythagorean Sourcebook and Library' by Kenneth Guthrie's compilation. Chapter 25 (Music and Poetry) and 26 (Theoretical Music) might be of interest.
I look forward to an amazing discussion!
Gabrielle
