Please read Plato's The Republic, Book III
Plato (428-348BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher, a student of Socrates, and the teacher of Aristotle. His work, The Republic, is one of the most influential texts in Western philosophy, exploring ideas about justice, governance, and the ideal society. In this dialogue, Socrates debates the nature of a just society, envisioning a structured, hierarchical society governed by philosopher-kings. The Republic presents a vision of a society where each individual’s role and function align with their natural aptitudes and abilities, ultimately aiming for a harmonious and balanced community.
In The Republic, Plato envisions a highly structured society divided into three primary classes: rulers (philosopher-kings), guardians (the warrior class), and producers (artisans, farmers, and other labourers). Each class has a specific function aligned with their natural abilities and inclinations, aiming to create a harmonious society where each person contributes to the greater good.
The Rulers: At the top are the philosopher-kings, chosen from among the guardians for their wisdom, intellect, and love of truth. Plato argues that only philosophers, who seek knowledge and understand the nature of justice, are fit to govern. The goal of the rulers is to make decisions that ensure justice, stability, and prosperity for the entire city-state. Their role is both a privilege and a burden, as they are tasked with leading selflessly, putting the welfare of society above personal desires.
The Guardians: Below the rulers are the guardians or auxiliaries, the warrior class responsible for defending the city-state and upholding its values. Guardians are selected based on physical and moral aptitude, with loyalty, bravery, and a strong sense of duty as their defining traits. Guardians undergo rigorous physical and psychological training from a young age to ensure they’re fit for their role. They are educated to develop qualities of courage, discipline, and restraint, with minimal exposure to luxury or material wealth to prevent distractions from their duty to protect.
The Producers: The producers make up the largest class, responsible for providing the material needs of society—food, goods, crafts, and services. They are farmers, artisans, merchants, and labourers. Unlike the rulers and guardians, producers are not expected to pursue philosophical knowledge or military discipline. Their primary goal is to work diligently in their trades, contributing to the city-state’s economic stability and overall well-being. The producers are encouraged to focus on their specific roles, leaving governance and defense to the philosopher-kings and guardians.
Goals and Upbringing
The education and upbringing of each class are strictly regulated, particularly for the guardians and future rulers. From a young age, children are observed and tested to determine their natural abilities and aptitudes, ensuring they are placed in the role that best suits them. Guardians are raised with strict discipline, physical training, and philosophical study, while rulers undergo an even deeper, lifelong education focused on understanding the Forms and seeking truth. Producers, however, receive practical training in their trades, with less emphasis on intellectual or moral instruction.
Rules and Restrictions
In this society, strict rules are imposed to maintain order and harmony. Guardians and rulers are required to live communally, with minimal private property or family ties, to avoid conflicts of interest and maintain their focus on the collective good. Marriages and reproduction among the guardian class are controlled through eugenics, ensuring that only the most virtuous and capable traits are passed on. Censorship is enforced in cultural life; only stories, music, and art that promote virtuous behavior are allowed. Luxuries and material wealth are limited, especially for guardians, to prevent greed and foster self-discipline.
This rigid structure aims to create a society that embodies justice, with each individual contributing according to their abilities and serving a purpose beyond personal gain. Plato’s vision, though idealized, suggests a society where harmony is achieved through each person’s strict adherence to their role.
Eugenics in The Republic
In Book III, Plato introduces the idea of eugenics as part of his vision for an ideal society. He suggests that selective breeding among the guardians (the warrior class) would produce the best and most virtuous future citizens. This approach was intended to create a society with individuals naturally inclined to fulfill their roles effectively, especially within the guardian class responsible for protecting the city-state. Socrates introduces 'the Noble Lie' which postulates that each person has either Gold, Silver, Iron or Bronze in their soul and their role reflects this metal. People can only procreate within their group. The best of the rulers are matched to produce an offspring. If the offspring is 'defective', they are 'sent to some mysterious place'. Only the rulers (Philosophers and Guardians) undergo selective breeding to ensure the purity of their class. Producers are left to their natural ways of procreating.
Discussion Question: Are there any examples of eugenics in the Modern world and can they be justified? What ethical challenges arise from these practices?
Censorship and Control of Arts
Plato advocates for censorship of music, poetry, and art in The Republic, arguing that these cultural elements could negatively influence the guardians and, ultimately, the citizens of the ideal state. He believed that certain forms of art and literature encouraged undesirable emotions, moral weakness, or dissent, potentially destabilizing the harmonious order he envisioned. In Book III, Socrates discusses the need for “noble lies” to maintain societal order, along with strict control over cultural narratives. This stance on censorship invites a comparison with modern debates about media regulation and freedom of speech, raising questions about whether such control can ever align with ethical governance.
Discussion Question: How does Plato’s concept of censorship relate to today’s discussions on media regulation? Can controlling cultural narratives be justified to maintain societal order?
Art as cheap imitation of reality
In The Republic, Plato does not elevate art to a level of high intellectual or philosophical pursuit. Instead, he views it as a craft that imitates reality in an imperfect way. This perspective comes from his theory of the Forms, where he argues that true knowledge is derived from understanding the perfect, unchanging Forms, or ideals, that exist beyond our sensory experiences. Everything we encounter in the physical world, according to Plato, is just an imperfect copy of these Forms.
Art, in Plato’s view, is even further removed from truth because it is a double imitation. For example, a crafted object, like a chair, is already an imitation of the ideal Form of "chair-ness." When an artist paints or sculpts a chair, they are merely copying the appearance of the chair, not its essence. Therefore, art is twice removed from the truth, as it imitates an imitation, rather than revealing any true knowledge of the Forms. This distance from truth is why Plato often sees art as deceptive and potentially dangerous, distracting people from pursuing genuine understanding and wisdom. In this way, art is treated more like a craft—something that relies on skill and technique to produce likenesses rather than genuine insights into reality. For Plato, art’s appeal to emotions and senses risks leading people further away from the philosophical pursuit of truth.
Discussion Question: Can art help us understand reality, or does it only serve to distract us from deeper truths?
Aristocracy and Meritocracy in The Republic
In The Republic, Plato’s ideal society is structured as a form of aristocracy—a society led by the “best,” where each person’s role is determined by their natural abilities and alignment with the needs of the city-state. Unlike a traditional aristocracy based on birthright or wealth, Plato’s aristocracy values wisdom, virtue, and aptitude for governance. For example, philosopher-kings are chosen not by inheritance but through a rigorous selection and training process, as only those who demonstrate a love of knowledge and justice can become rulers. Plato’s model assumes that each person’s inherent qualities dictate their place, promoting a kind of “natural aristocracy.”
This structure shares aspects with what we might call a meritocracy today, where success ideally comes from individual ability rather than social status. However, Plato’s society is not purely meritocratic; roles are rigidly assigned, and mobility is limited once a person’s role is set.
Discussion Question: In our meritocratic society, how much does social background still determine success? Are we, in some ways, living in a hidden aristocracy like Plato’s model?
Philosopher-Kings as Rulers
In The Republic, Plato introduces the idea of philosopher-kings as ideal rulers. He argues that only those who seek knowledge, wisdom, and the understanding of the Forms (perfect and unchanging ideals) are fit to govern. According to Plato, philosophers are naturally inclined to rule justly because they pursue truth and are uncorrupted by personal desires.
Discussion Question*: If philosopher-kings have values different from the producers, can they truly represent and serve the producers' interests?
For this question, we may try some acting in a dialog between two volunteers playing the role of Socrates defending his proposal, and the role of a successful modern-day businessman arguing why this is not such a good idea!
I look forward to another great discussion with you all!
Gabrielle
